Yahqub Badri Azrin; Sajjad Pashaie
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study has been to investigate the relationship between social factors and the promotion of women to management position in sport organizations in Iran. Method: Regarding the objective, this study is practical and regarding the method of implementation, ...
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Background: The aim of this study has been to investigate the relationship between social factors and the promotion of women to management position in sport organizations in Iran. Method: Regarding the objective, this study is practical and regarding the method of implementation, it is descriptive, the population of this research in 2021, includes all the staff of the Youth and Sports Office of West Azerbaijan of Iran up to 216 people. Using Morgan’s tables 136 subjects were selected through stratified random sampling as the sample. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of social factors of the promotion of women to management positions were used, the validity of which was confirmed by experts and its reliability was obtained to be 0.86 through Cronbach's alpha test. Results: The results indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between gender and gender discrimination and women’s promotion to the position of management in sport organizations. In addition, there is also a positive significant relationship between the elimination of conflict between work and family and also family support and women’s promotion to manage mint positions in sports organizations. Conclusions: However, it appears that women are still faced with gender equity issues in sports governance, athletic media representation, and perception in sports. Therefore, the field of sport management should continue to work towards a level of quality that truly treats women as equals, offers them equal opportunity, and permits them to feel equal in sport management and athletic participation.
Bakhtyar Tartibian; Alain Massart
Abstract
Background: The immune properties of mothers’ milk are well known. But the effects of physical activity on humeral immune properties of mothers’ milk is still undetermined. Therefore, reports on the impact of exercise on IgA concentrations of mothers’ milk is controversial. The purpose ...
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Background: The immune properties of mothers’ milk are well known. But the effects of physical activity on humeral immune properties of mothers’ milk is still undetermined. Therefore, reports on the impact of exercise on IgA concentrations of mothers’ milk is controversial. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of the effects of selected aerobic exercises in maximum intensity of 60-70% of heart rate reserve on IgA concentrations in breast milk as well as body composition. Method: In this research, 28 sedentary women (29±5.7 years; VO2max 36±4 ml/Kg/min), divided into two exercise and control groups through random sampling, took part. The exercise group performed some particular exercises for 10 weeks whereas the control group did not do so. Milk samples were taken from both groups and measured by the ELISA method. Body composition was also measured in different stages of the study. Results: In the rest status, the two groups were identical in terms of IgA concentrations (p= 0.549) and body composition (p=0.204). IgA concentrations under exercise load of 60% (p=0.060) and 70% (p= 0.001) of the HRR respectively showed a significant increase as compared to the resting status mean values in the two groups. Body composition variables were only of significant values in terms of comparing the general effects, only in the factors of group (p=0.003) and reciprocal effect of the grouping - the duration of the exercises (p=0.024). Conclusions: The results of this research show that, under the effects of moderate intensity exercise, the mothers’ secretory immune system experiences some changes. Therefore, IgA concentrations in the milk increase. In addition, with the reduction of fat weight, the decrease of fat mass percentage, and increase in the body density, the level of the mothers’ aerobic fitness is increased, which is in no contradiction with their lactation performance.
Nazanin Rasekh; Hossein Zareian; Hamid Ghasemi; Zohreh Rezaie
Abstract
Purpose: The main purpose of this research was to study the challenges, opportunities and solutions of the championship sports for Iranian women. Method: The research method was mixed,and different methods were applied to serve the purpose of this research. The research sample was selected from the main ...
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Purpose: The main purpose of this research was to study the challenges, opportunities and solutions of the championship sports for Iranian women. Method: The research method was mixed,and different methods were applied to serve the purpose of this research. The research sample was selected from the main population (N=172) following Morgan’s sample size determination (118). Open and closed questionnaires were used to measure the effect of each of the challenges and opportunities with a Likert's five-item scale. Results: The findings showed that 9 opportunities and 19 challenges exist regarding Iranian women’s championship sports. Conclusions: Though investigations of women’s sports in internal and external fields show progress in Iranian women’s sports, they do not show any desirable growth compared to male sports, which isdue to social restrictions and other factors.
