Exercise Physiology
Mohammad Mohammadi; Mahsa Alizadeh; Gohar Rostaei
Abstract
Purpose: In many countries, type 2 diabetes has emerged as a chronic non-communicable disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. The role of physical activity has been proven as a useful intervention in the prevention, management and treatment of type 2 ...
Read More
Purpose: In many countries, type 2 diabetes has emerged as a chronic non-communicable disease. Type 2 diabetes is usually associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. The role of physical activity has been proven as a useful intervention in the prevention, management and treatment of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of 12 weeks of combined training (resistance + aerobic) on serum levels of some cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: In this study, 22 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 30 to 60 years, participated. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two combined training and control groups, 11 in number. The training program assigned to each group was carried out for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. To investigate the dependent variables, blood samples were taken from all subjects one day before and 48 hours after the last training session. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests (P<0.50). Results: After 12 weeks of participation in sports activities, the mean total cholesterol (p=0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.011), and body mass index (p=0.01) in the combined training group (resistance + aerobic) significantly decreased, and high-density lipoprotein levels (p=0.036) in this group significantly increased after training interventions. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that combined training improves the body's lipid profile by significantly reducing the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and body mass index. Therefore, combined exercises are recommended as an effective intervention in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in type two diabetic patients.
Exercise Physiology
Hirsh Noori; noushin azadpour; Sirwan Mohammad Amini Khayat; Behzad Hajizadeh maleki; Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad
Abstract
Purpose: Vigorous physical exercise causes notable alterations in the circulatory system, affecting stress hormones and plasma proteins. Cortisol serves as a primary glucocorticoid hormone, while albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin function as important carrier proteins. However, how cortisol levels after ...
Read More
Purpose: Vigorous physical exercise causes notable alterations in the circulatory system, affecting stress hormones and plasma proteins. Cortisol serves as a primary glucocorticoid hormone, while albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin function as important carrier proteins. However, how cortisol levels after exercise interact with these proteins is not well understood. This research aimed to explore the association between serum cortisol and the levels of albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin following a single session of intense aerobic exercise in young male runners. Method: Twelve healthy young male runners (average age 21.38 ± 0.95 years; VO₂max 50.81 ± 2.35 ml/kg/min) completed a 15-minute Balke treadmill test. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after, and three hours post-exercise (recovery) to assess serum cortisol, albumin, globulin, and hemoglobin concentrations. Hematocrit measurements were used to adjust for changes in plasma volume. Statistical analysis involved one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test and Pearson correlation. Results: Immediately after exercise, there were significant increases in cortisol (61.4%), albumin (7.5%), globulin (10.5%), and hemoglobin (10.5%) (p<0.05). After three hours of recovery, cortisol, albumin, and hemoglobin levels returned to baseline, whereas globulin remained significantly elevated (p<0.05). No significant correlations were detected between cortisol changes and any of the carrier proteins at any time point (p>0.05). Conclusion: A single session of intense aerobic exercise markedly raises serum cortisol and key carrier proteins in young runners. The absence of correlation between cortisol and these proteins suggests that their immediate post-exercise increases are likely driven by factors other than cortisol fluctuations, such as hemoconcentration and changes in hydrostatic pressure, rather than direct hormonal stimulation.
Exercise Physiology
mortaz beiramy; Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI) and acute ventilatory responses both at rest and immediately following a maximal one-mile (1600m) field run in healthy adolescent boys.Methods: In a pre-test/post-test experimental design, ...
Read More
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables (height, weight, BMI) and acute ventilatory responses both at rest and immediately following a maximal one-mile (1600m) field run in healthy adolescent boys.Methods: In a pre-test/post-test experimental design, 80 healthy adolescent boys (mean age: 14.65 ± 1.22 years, height: 168.20 ± 9.72, body mass index: 19.54 ± 2.80) were selected via cluster sampling. Anthropometric data (height, weight, BMI) and estimated VO₂max were recorded. Pulmonary function variables (FVC, FEV₁, VC, TV, MVV) were measured via spirometry at rest and immediately after a maximal one-mile run. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to predict ventilatory responses from anthropometric and physiological variables.Results: Height, weight, and BMI were all significant predictors of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV₁, VC) in both pre- and post-test conditions (p < 0.05). Height emerged as the strongest single predictor. A slight but consistent decrease in mean FVC, FEV₁, and VC values was observed post-exercise. VO₂max was a weaker predictor compared to anthropometric measures.Conclusion: Basic anthropometric characteristics, most notably height, are strong and consistent predictors of pulmonary function in adolescent boys, both at rest and following acute strenuous exercise. These findings highlight the importance of using individual morphometric characteristics for accurately assessing and interpreting exercise-induced ventilatory responses in youth populations. Field-based testing provides a valid practical method for such evaluations.
Exercise Physiology
Naseh Abdollahzadeh; Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad; Noushin Azadpour; Alain Massart
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to compare respiratory parameters and sleep quality between physically active and inactive young adult males, while exploring correlations between these domains.Methods: Pulmonary function—including forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), maximum voluntary ...
Read More
Background: This study aimed to compare respiratory parameters and sleep quality between physically active and inactive young adult males, while exploring correlations between these domains.Methods: Pulmonary function—including forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), percentage predicted FEV1 (%FEV1), and maximum expiratory flows at 25% and 75% of FVC (MEF25%, MEF75%)—was evaluated via spirometry (Fukuda ST-95) per American Thoracic Society guidelines. Sleep quality was quantified using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Active participants displayed superior respiratory metrics (p < 0.05): higher FVC (p = 0.023), VC (p = 0.002), MVV (p = 0.001), FEV1 (p = 0.001), %FEV1 (p = 0.001), MEF25% (p = 0.026), and MEF75% (p = 0.042). PSQI scores were significantly lower (better) in the active group (4.13 ± 1.18) versus inactive (6.53 ± 2.50; p = 0.002). No baseline differences emerged in age, height, weight, heart rate, fat percentage, or BMI (p > 0.05). In the active group, each 1-unit increase in FEV1, MVV, VC, FVC, and MEF75% was associated with corresponding reductions in sleep quality scores of 0.217, 0.127, 0.370, 0.386, and 0.194 units, respectively (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings advocate exercise as a non-pharmacological strategy for addressing sleep and pulmonary health, warranting larger, diverse studies to elucidate interactions.
Exercise Physiology
davood asgari; Mehdi Kushkestani
Abstract
Objective: Unusual or intense exercise causes minor damage (microtrauma) to muscle fibers. It is thought that this damage is accompanied by the release of certain enzymes into the blood serum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and retraining on the enzymes ...
Read More
Objective: Unusual or intense exercise causes minor damage (microtrauma) to muscle fibers. It is thought that this damage is accompanied by the release of certain enzymes into the blood serum. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and retraining on the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase in inactive young boys.Methods: Twenty-four healthy inactive young boys volunteered for the present study and were randomly divided into two groups of 10. The exercise protocol consisted of five stations of biceps and shoulders with a barbell, squats, chest presses, and forearm presses. Each movement consisted of three sets of 12 repetitions. The exercise intensity was 75% of one repetition maximum. Serum levels of the enzymes creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured before the activity and at intervals of 1 and 48 hours thereafter. For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and independent t-test were used at a significance level of p≥0.05.Findings: The results of the present study showed that the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes increased in both resistance training and resistance retraining groups compared to the pre-test at time intervals of 1, and 48. No differences were observed in serum levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase between the two groups during and after retraining (p>0.05).Conclusion: Retraining may not be a significant variable affecting recovery after muscle injury. However, more research is needed in this area.
Exercise Physiology
shahab roozbahani; Reyhaneh Vahabidelshad
Abstract
Objective: Physical activity is associated with higher left ventricular mass but also reduced risk of cardiovascular outcomes. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training and a detraining period on relative left ventricular wall thickness in ...
Read More
Objective: Physical activity is associated with higher left ventricular mass but also reduced risk of cardiovascular outcomes. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks of resistance training and a detraining period on relative left ventricular wall thickness in inactive men. Method: Twenty-four inactive men who met the inclusion criteria and were able to participate in the exercise protocol were randomly divided into two resistance training groups (n=12) and control group (n=12). Anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured using echocardiography at three time points: before the start of exercise, at the end of 12 weeks of exercise, and after a 6-week period of non-exercise. The exercise protocol consisted of 12 weeks of exercise (three sessions per week) followed by 6 weeks of non-exercise. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance at a significance level of p < 0.05 using SPSS software version 24.Results: The results showed that a significant change in RWT was observed between pre-test and post-test measurements in both groups (p < 0.05) and significant changes in RWT were also observed during the detraining period in the training group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: It can be concluded that 12 weeks of resistance training can lead to beneficial changes in cardiac structure in inactive men. A 6-week detraining period can lead to negative effects on these adaptations.
Exercise Physiology
Leila Fasihi; Milad Pirallahi
Abstract
Objective: Menopause is a sensitive and challenging period for women, which leads to various problems such as osteoporosis and back pain. However, its effect on bone mineral density is still debatable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine The relationship between some serum osteoporosis ...
Read More
Objective: Menopause is a sensitive and challenging period for women, which leads to various problems such as osteoporosis and back pain. However, its effect on bone mineral density is still debatable. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine The relationship between some serum osteoporosis markers and body mass index with lumbar bone mineral density in active and inactive postmenopausal women.Methods: The number of subjects was 41 active postmenopausal women and 45 inactive postmenopausal women aged 46 to 87 years. Serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus indices and anthropometric characteristics of the subjects were examined. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to analyze the research data. SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data.Results: We observed a statistically significant correlation between serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphate with lumbar bone mineral density in the group of active postmenopausal women, and between body mass index, weight, and age with lumbar bone mineral density in both active and inactive postmenopausal women (p ≥ 0.05). While no significant correlation was found between other indices.Conclusion: Active postmenopausal women, by taking advantage of sports activity, in addition to having better health indicators, have provided the necessary stimulus for some hormonal mechanisms, mineral absorption, and calcium-phosphorus balance in order to reduce bone resorption.
Exercise Physiology
saeed naeimi; NorAli Rabiei
Abstract
Objective: With increasing age, sleep quality decreases and sleep complaints are common in the elderly, especially inactive individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between several respiratory indices and sleep quality in active and inactive adult men.Materials ...
Read More
Objective: With increasing age, sleep quality decreases and sleep complaints are common in the elderly, especially inactive individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between several respiratory indices and sleep quality in active and inactive adult men.Materials and Methods: Twenty elderly men with a mean age of 70.18±8.21 years, height of 163.23±5.10 cm, and weight of 71.20±7.11 kg participated voluntarily and after obtaining informed consent, randomly divided into two active and inactive groups (10 people in each group). Respiratory indices were measured using Microlab spirometry. The Pittsburgh questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality. Independent t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.Results: In the active group, the mean sleep quality score was significantly lower than that of the inactive group (p=0.013). Maximum voluntary ventilation (p=0.021), forced vital capacity (p=0.033), peak expiratory flow 25-75%, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (p=0.046) parameters were significantly higher in the active group than in the inactive group.Conclusion: It seems that exercise can be an effective factor in improving respiratory system function and sleep quality in inactive adult men.
Exercise Physiology
ahmad fasihi; nastaran zarezadeh
Abstract
AbstractBackground and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important metabolic disorders that different societies are facing with increasing prevalence. Aerobic exercises are a common type of exercise that reduces the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins and regulates blood pressure. ...
Read More
AbstractBackground and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important metabolic disorders that different societies are facing with increasing prevalence. Aerobic exercises are a common type of exercise that reduces the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins and regulates blood pressure. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile in men with type 2 diabetes.Results: The results indicated that after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, HbA1c (P=0/027), LDL-c (P=0/012) and fasting blood glucose (P=0/043) decreased significantly in the aerobic group. But no significant changes were observed in HDL-c and BMI. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that performing aerobic exercises leads to a decrease in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and improvement in lipid profile, so it can probably be a useful way of treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetic patients.
Exercise Physiology
marefat siahkouhian; Bahman Ebrahimi
Abstract
AbstractBackgroude and Purpose: Training volume and intensity are the most important training components that typically vary in different training programs depending on the primary goal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between volume and intensity of running to fatigue ...
Read More
AbstractBackgroude and Purpose: Training volume and intensity are the most important training components that typically vary in different training programs depending on the primary goal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between volume and intensity of running to fatigue in middle-aged men.Methodology: A number of 24 middle-aged of active men were selected as subjects with an age range of 40 to 55 years. Then, they ran individually in four separate sessions with an intensity of 70, 80, 90 and 100% of Maximum oxygen consumption with a minimum interval of 72 hours. Using non-linear regression, the relationship between exercise volume and intensity was analyzed.Findings: The findings showed that the inverse relationship between volume and intensity of treadmill running to exhaustion in active middle-aged men followed a nonlinear quadratic function.In this relationship, exercise intensity (independent variable) and exercise volume (dependent variable) were.The findings showed that the inverse relationship between volume and intensity of treadmill running to exhaustion in active middle-aged men followed a nonlinear quadratic function.In this relationship, exercise intensity (independent variable) and exercise volume (dependent variable) were.
Exercise Physiology
Sima Jalili; Reyhaneh Vahabidelshad; Ali Akbari; Ali Hosseini Fahraji
Abstract
Background: The plasticity of the pre-adolescent cardiovascular system in response to structured endurance training remains incompletely characterized. Swimming, a unique volume-load stimulus, may promote beneficial cardiac remodeling in children, but data are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to investigate ...
Read More
Background: The plasticity of the pre-adolescent cardiovascular system in response to structured endurance training remains incompletely characterized. Swimming, a unique volume-load stimulus, may promote beneficial cardiac remodeling in children, but data are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week swimming training program on cardiac structure and function in healthy, pre-adolescent boys.Methods: Echocardiographic assessments of cardiac structure (LV end-diastolic dimension [LVEDd], volume [LVEDV], mass [LV mass]) and function (stroke volume [LVSV], cardiac output [LVCO], ejection fraction [LVEF]) were performed pre- and post-intervention. Anthropometric and physiological data, including maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max), were also collected.Results: Adherence to the training was excellent (>95%). Resting heart rate decreased and estimated VO₂max increased significantly in the Exer group No significant within-group changes occurred in the CON group. Between-group analysis indicated a significant interaction effect for LVEF (p=0.044), though post-hoc analysis attributed this to a change within the SWIM group.Conclusion: A 12-week swimming training program induces significant, favorable adaptations in cardiac structure and function in pre-adolescent boys, characterized by eccentric remodeling and enhanced stroke volume.
Exercise Physiology
narges fasihi; Naser Behpour
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidants in young futsal players. Methods: 24 young male futsal players were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). The ...
Read More
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidants in young futsal players. Methods: 24 young male futsal players were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). The experimental group used 1500 mg of saffron supplement per day for seven days, while the control group received placebo Results: The results of the hockey study showed that immediately after the match in the experimental group, a significant increase in GPX levels (P=0.031) and a significant decrease in CAT levels (P=0.041) were observed, but this significance was not observed 30 minutes after the match. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that short-term consumption of saffron improves antioxidant defense in young male futsal players. Studies with long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.According to the results of this study, it can be said that short-term consumption of saffron improves antioxidant defense in young male futsal players. Studies with long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.
