Exercise Physiology
ahmad fasihi; Reza Farzizadeh; Reyhaneh Afrondeh
Abstract
Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that predominantly affects women and is associated with reduced muscular strength, increased fatigue, and impaired quality of life. Resistance training has been proposed as a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention; however, ...
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Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that predominantly affects women and is associated with reduced muscular strength, increased fatigue, and impaired quality of life. Resistance training has been proposed as a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention; however, evidence focusing specifically on women with MS remains limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of eight weeks of resistance training on quality of life, muscular strength, fatigue, and body mass index in women with MS.Methods:This quasi-experimental study used a pretest–posttest design with a control group. Thirty women with MS were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed supervised resistance training three times per week for eight weeks, while the control group continued their usual activities. Outcome measures were assessed before and after the intervention. Paired and independent samples t-tests were applied for data analysis.Results:The resistance training group showed significant improvements in quality of life (p=0.001) and muscular strength (p<0.001), along with a significant reduction in fatigue (p=0.002). No significant change was observed in body mass index (p=0.42). No significant changes were found in the control group (p>0.05). Between-group comparisons at posttest favored the resistance training group for quality of life (p=0.008), muscular strength (p=0.004), and fatigue (p=0.006(. Conclusion:Eight weeks of resistance training significantly improved quality of life and muscular strength and reduced fatigue in women with multiple sclerosis, supporting its inclusion in rehabilitation programs.
Exercise Physiology
sirwan mohammad amini; Behzad Hajizadeh maleki; Ali Akbari; Ali Hosseini
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of a 10-week high-intensity wrestling training program on salivary s-IgA concentration in young competitive wrestlers.Methods: Wrestlers were allocated into an experimental group, which underwent a controlled, high-intensity training program ...
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the temporal effects of a 10-week high-intensity wrestling training program on salivary s-IgA concentration in young competitive wrestlers.Methods: Wrestlers were allocated into an experimental group, which underwent a controlled, high-intensity training program (up to 85% heart rate reserve), and a control group. Saliva samples were collected at baseline (rest), after the first 5-week training program, after the second 5-week training program, and following a one-week recovery period to measure s-IgA concentration. Results: The experimental and control groups were homogenous at baseline for all physiological and immunological measures. A significant decrease in s-IgA concentration was observed in the experimental group at the end of the first 5-week training program compared to both the control group and its own baseline (p<0.05). This suppression was transient, as s-IgA levels returned to levels not significantly different from the control group by the end of the second 5-week program. However, within-group analyses revealed persistent significant differences between the final training phase and the recovery period, indicating a prolonged immunogenic stressor.Conclusion: A 10-week high-intensity wrestling training program elicits a biphasic mucosal immune response: an initial suppression followed by a subsequent adaptation. These findings underscore the dynamic plasticity of the immune system in athletes but also highlight a period of potential vulnerability at the mid-point of a training cycle. Exercise physiologists and coaches should incorporate phased recovery strategies to mitigate infection risk and support athlete health throughout prolonged intensive training.
Exercise Physiology
Ebrahim Zarrinkalam; Farzad Ghafari; Negin Sharifi
Abstract
Background and Aim: Postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases due to hormonal changes following the cessation of estrogen production. These changes often lead to increased visceral fat, decreased muscle mass, and endothelial dysfunction, contributing ...
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Background and Aim: Postmenopausal women are particularly vulnerable to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases due to hormonal changes following the cessation of estrogen production. These changes often lead to increased visceral fat, decreased muscle mass, and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to vascular problems. This study aimed to assess the impact of an eight-week aquatic exercise program on endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels and blood pressure in postmenopausal women with hypertension. ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that regulates blood vessel tone, and elevated levels of ET-1 are linked to the development of hypertension. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 22 postmenopausal women aged 50-65, diagnosed with hypertension. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=11) that engaged in an eight-week aquatic exercise program and a control group (n=11). The exercise protocol included three 60-minute sessions per week, focusing on low-impact water walking, jogging, and resistance exercises. Blood samples for ET-1 measurement were taken before and after the intervention, and blood pressure was assessed at both time points. Results: The experimental group showed a significant reduction in ET-1 levels (P = 0.001) and blood pressure (systolic P = 0.002, diastolic P = 0.003) compared to the control group. The control group did not exhibit significant changes in ET-1 levels or blood pressure. Conclusion: This study suggests that an eight-week aquatic exercise program can significantly reduce ET-1 levels and improve blood pressure regulation in postmenopausal women with hypertension, offering a safe and effective non-pharmacological alternative for managing cardiovascular health in this population.
Exercise Physiology
Bahman Ebrahimi_Torkamani; Davood asgari; Norali Rabiei
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week combined aerobic–resistance training program on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and oxidative DNA repair markers in middle-aged women.A total of 48 sedentary women aged 40–55 years were randomly assigned to either an exercise group ...
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week combined aerobic–resistance training program on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and oxidative DNA repair markers in middle-aged women.A total of 48 sedentary women aged 40–55 years were randomly assigned to either an exercise group (n = 24) or a non-exercising control group (n = 24). The intervention group completed supervised training sessions three times per week, consisting of 30 minutes of moderate-intensity treadmill walking (60–70% HRmax) followed by 30 minutes of resistance training at 65% of one-repetition maximum across eight major muscle groups. Blood samples were collected at baseline and post-intervention. LTL was quantified using quantitative PCR, while 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1 (APE1) were measured as indicators of oxidative DNA damage and repair capacity, respectively.After 8 weeks, the exercise group demonstrated a significant increase in relative LTL (p < 0.01) compared with controls, who showed no meaningful change. Levels of 8-OHdG decreased significantly in the exercise group (p < 0.001), while APE1 concentrations increased (p < 0.01), indicating enhanced oxidative DNA repair. No significant alterations were observed in the control group for any variable. Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large, suggesting robust physiological adaptation.These findings indicate that combined aerobic–resistance training is an effective lifestyle intervention for promoting telomere maintenance and strengthening oxidative DNA repair mechanisms in middle-aged women. Integrating structured exercise programs into preventative health strategies may contribute to delaying cellular aging and improving long-term genomic health.
Exercise Physiology
Roghayeh Afrondeh; Tooba MahdilooTorkamany
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of an eight-week HIIT intervention on oxidative stress markers and cardiac functional parameters in sedentary adults diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 sedentary adults (aged 40–65 years) ...
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Background: The present study aimed to investigate the impact of an eight-week HIIT intervention on oxidative stress markers and cardiac functional parameters in sedentary adults diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 sedentary adults (aged 40–65 years) meeting the International Diabetes Federation criteria for metabolic syndrome were allocated into a HIIT group (n = 30) or a control group (n = 30). The HIIT group completed three supervised training sessions per week, consisting of repeated high-intensity intervals at 85–95% HRmax interspersed with low-intensity recovery bouts. Oxidative biomarkers—including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)—were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography (LVEF, LVEDD, LVESD) and heart rate variability (HRV). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: Following the intervention, the HIIT group demonstrated significant reductions in MDA levels (p < 0.001) and marked increases in SOD (p = 0.003), CAT (p = 0.008), and GPX activity (p = 0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Cardiac function improved significantly in the HIIT group, with increases in left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.012), improved HRV indices (RMSSD and HF power, p < 0.05), and reductions in LVEDD (p = 0.028). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that an eight-week HIIT program effectively enhances antioxidant defense capacity, reduces oxidative damage, and improves cardiac functional indices in sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome.
Exercise Physiology
Zahra Sayevand; Marziyeh Maleki; Mahdiyeh Khosravi
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with survivors often experiencing long-term side effects such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aquatic aerobic training program on ...
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Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with survivors often experiencing long-term side effects such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week aquatic aerobic training program on serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in breast cancer survivors.Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 20 breast cancer survivors who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 10) that underwent aquatic aerobic exercise or a control group (n = 10) that received no intervention. Pre- and post-test measurements of IL-4 and MDA levels were taken to assess the impact of the exercise intervention. The aquatic aerobic training program lasted 8 weeks, with sessions held three times per week. Serum levels of IL-4 and MDA were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).Results: The results revealed a significant reduction in IL-4 levels in the experimental group (p = 0.001), while no significant change was observed in the control group (p = 0.861). Similarly, MDA levels were significantly reduced in the experimental group (p = 0.001), while the control group showed no significant change (p = 0.659). These findings suggest that aquatic aerobic exercise may reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in breast cancer survivors.Conclusion: In conclusion, aquatic aerobic exercise appears to be a beneficial intervention for improving inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in breast cancer survivors, potentially contributing to better long-term health outcomes.
Exercise Physiology
narges fasihi; Zahra Sayevand
Abstract
Objective:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, often characterized by elevated plasma adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). This study aimed to investigate ...
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Objective:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, often characterized by elevated plasma adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a single session of resistance exercise and royal jelly supplementation on plasma ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels in men with CAD.Methods:Forty male patients with stable CAD (aged 45–65 years) were randomly assigned to four groups: resistance exercise with royal jelly (RE+RJ), resistance exercise only (RE), royal jelly only (RJ), and control (CON). Participants in the exercise groups performed eight resistance exercises at 60–70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for 45 minutes. Those in the RJ and RE+RJ groups consumed 1,000 mg of royal jelly one hour before the session. Blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the intervention, and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA.Results:Significant reductions in ICAM-1 (p = 0.001) and VCAM-1 (p = 0.001) were observed in the RE+RJ group, with moderate decreases in the RE and RJ groups (p < 0.05), while no change occurred in the control group (p > 0.05). Between-group comparisons showed that the RE+RJ group achieved the greatest reductions (p < 0.01).Conclusion:A single session of moderate-intensity resistance exercise combined with royal jelly supplementation synergistically reduced endothelial adhesion molecules, suggesting enhanced vascular protection in patients with coronary artery disease.
Exercise Physiology
Arazw Mahmood Fatah; Hiwa Ahmed Rahim
Abstract
Objective: Obesity in adolescent girls is commonly accompanied by low-grade inflammation and impaired glucose regulation. This study investigated whether eight weeks of water-based exercise with blood flow restriction (WBFR) improves high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and insulin resistance ...
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Objective: Obesity in adolescent girls is commonly accompanied by low-grade inflammation and impaired glucose regulation. This study investigated whether eight weeks of water-based exercise with blood flow restriction (WBFR) improves high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and insulin resistance more than water exercise without restriction (WEX) and a non-training control (CON). Methods: Thirty obese young girls were randomly assigned to WBFR (n=10), WEX (n=10), or CON (n=10). Training lasted 8 weeks (3 sessions/week, ~60 min/session). Venous blood was obtained 24 h before and 24 h after the intervention. Outcomes were hs-CRP, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR, plus weight, BMI, and waist circumference. Mixed group×time ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests was applied (P<0.05). Results: Group×time interactions were significant for hs-CRP (p=0.001), HOMA-IR (p=0.001), fasting glucose (p=0.003), fasting insulin (p=0.044), weight (p=0.008), BMI (p=0.012), and waist circumference (p=0.001). WBFR decreased hs-CRP (p=0.001), fasting glucose (p=0.002), fasting insulin (p=0.012), and HOMA-IR (p=0.001), and reduced weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.001), and waist circumference (p=0.001). WEX showed smaller reductions in hs-CRP (p=0.018), fasting glucose (p=0.041), and HOMA-IR (p=0.048), and reduced weight (p=0.034), BMI (p=0.039), and waist circumference (p=0.021), while fasting insulin did not change (p=0.290). CON showed no significant changes (hs-CRP p=0.620; glucose p=0.710; insulin p=0.830; HOMA-IR p=0.660). Conclusion: Eight weeks of WBFR produced superior improvements in systemic inflammation and fasting insulin resistance compared with non-restricted aquatic exercise and control, indicating WBFR as a practical low-impact approach for reducing cardiometabolic risk in obese young girls. These findings warrant larger trials.
Exercise Physiology
Dara Latif Saifalddin
Abstract
Background and Objective: Obesity and physical inactivity are linked to insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Oncostatin-M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, may connect adipose inflammation to metabolic dysfunction. This study examined whether 12 weeks of supervised Pilates alters serum ...
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Background and Objective: Obesity and physical inactivity are linked to insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Oncostatin-M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, may connect adipose inflammation to metabolic dysfunction. This study examined whether 12 weeks of supervised Pilates alters serum OSM and insulin resistance indices in inactive obese men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with random allocation, 30 inactive obese men (30–50 years; BMI 30–35 kg/m²) were assigned to Pilates (n=15) or control (n=15). The Pilates group trained three times weekly for 12 weeks; controls maintained their usual lifestyle. Weight, BMI, waist circumference, estimated VO₂max, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and serum OSM were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Mixed ANOVA and paired/independent t-tests were used (p<0.05). Results: Significant group × time interactions were found for weight (p = 0.008), BMI (p=0.012), waist circumference (p = 0.003), VO₂max (p=0.004), fasting glucose (p=0.015), fasting insulin (p=0.006), HOMA-IR (p=0.002), and OSM (p=0.001). The Pilates group showed decreased adiposity, fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, and OSM, alongside increased VO₂max, whereas the control group showed no significant changes. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of supervised Pilates improved body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and insulin resistance while reducing circulating OSM in inactive obese men, suggesting Pilates as a feasible low-intensity strategy to induce favorable immunometabolic adaptations.
Exercise Physiology
Saiwan Sirwan Mohammed; Naser Rostamzadeh
Abstract
Objective: Menopause is associated with increased visceral adiposity and worsening cardiometabolic risk, and physically inactive postmenopausal women may be particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to examine the effects of 10 weeks of combined (aerobic–resistance) training on visceral adiposity ...
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Objective: Menopause is associated with increased visceral adiposity and worsening cardiometabolic risk, and physically inactive postmenopausal women may be particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to examine the effects of 10 weeks of combined (aerobic–resistance) training on visceral adiposity indices LAP and VAI, as well as triglycerides (TG), in inactive postmenopausal women.Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a pretest–posttest design with a control group. A total of 24 inactive postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a combined training group or a control group (n = 12 each). The training group completed 10 weeks of aerobic exercise at approximately 65–75% HRmax and resistance training at about 55–65% 1RM. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and post-intervention, and LAP and VAI were calculated using anthropometric and lipid variables.Results: In the control group, LAP did not change significantly (p=0.117), whereas it decreased significantly in the training group (p=0.001), with a significant between-group difference in change (p=0.021). For VAI, the control group showed no significant change (p=0.379), while the training group demonstrated a significant reduction (p =0.001), and the between-group difference in change was significant (p=0.001). TG did not change significantly in the control group (p=0.231) but decreased significantly in the training group (p=0.001), with a significant between-group difference in change (p=0.003).Conclusion: Ten weeks of combined aerobic–resistance training improves visceral adiposity indices (LAP and VAI) and triglyceride levels in inactive postmenopausal women, supporting concurrent training as a practical non-pharmacological strategy to reduce cardiometabolic risk.
Exercise Physiology
Elnaz Safikhani; Davood Sabour; Ashrafsadat Anvarimanshadi; Nasrin Rafizadeh; Amirhossein Jafariharandi; Minoo Bassami
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rhythmic auditory cues (e.g., metronome or music beat) may enhance exercise synchrony and potentially influence body composition adaptations. This study examined whether resistance training performed in synchrony with a musical metronome rhythm improves body composition outcomes in ...
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Background and Aim: Rhythmic auditory cues (e.g., metronome or music beat) may enhance exercise synchrony and potentially influence body composition adaptations. This study examined whether resistance training performed in synchrony with a musical metronome rhythm improves body composition outcomes in adult women.Methods: In a two-group pretest–posttest intervention, 30 adult women were allocated to a rhythm-synchronised resistance training group (music/metronome cue) (n = 15) or a control resistance training group (n = 15). Both groups completed the same 12-week supervised resistance-training programme; the intervention group performed movements synchronised to an approximate metronome rhythm (~128 beats per minute). Body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, fat mass, and lean body mass were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analysed using group × time comparisons (with baseline-adjusted analyses where appropriate), alongside effect sizes and confidence intervals.Results: Body fat percentage decreased significantly in the rhythm-synchronised (music) group (30.17 ± 1.34 to 29.10 ± 1.39), whereas the control group showed an increase over time (30.76 ± 2.55 to 31.54 ± 2.63). Body weight and BMI showed no meaningful changes between groups across the intervention period. Changes in lean body mass did not differ significantly between groups.Conclusion: Synchronising resistance training with a metronome-based rhythmic cue may promote a more favourable change in body fat percentage compared with the same training performed without rhythmic cues in adult women. Further studies with larger samples and tighter control of confounding factors are recommended to confirm and generalise these findings.
Exercise Physiology
marefat siahkouhian; Bahman Ebrahimi Torkamani
Abstract
Objective:Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with increased cardiovascular and thrombotic risk, partly through alterations in coagulation and endothelial function. Elevated fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWF) are recognized markers of a prothrombotic state and endothelial activation ...
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Objective:Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with increased cardiovascular and thrombotic risk, partly through alterations in coagulation and endothelial function. Elevated fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWF) are recognized markers of a prothrombotic state and endothelial activation in obese individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on fibrinogen and vWF levels in inactive obese women.Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 inactive obese women who were randomly assigned to an experimental (MICT, n=15) or control group (n=15). The experimental group participated in an 8-week MICT program, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Anthropometric variables and fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to assess plasma fibrinogen and vWF levels. Data were analyzed using paired- and independent-sample t tests.Results:After the intervention, the MICT group showed significant reductions in body weight (p = 0.004) and body mass index (p=0.006). Plasma fibrinogen levels significantly decreased in the MICT group (p=0.001), whereas no significant change was observed in the control group (p=0.62). Similarly, vWF levels were significantly reduced following MICT (p=0.002), with no significant change in the control group (p=0.54). Between-group comparisons at post-test revealed significantly lower fibrinogen (p=0.003) and vWF (p=0.005) levels in the MICT group compared with controls.Conclusion:These findings indicate that moderate-intensity continuous training is an effective and practical intervention for improving coagulation and endothelial biomarkers in inactive obese women and may contribute to reducing obesity-related cardiovascular risk.
Exercise Physiology
hamid agha alinejad; Reza Gharakhanlou; Leila Fasihi
Abstract
Objective: Chronic low-grade inflammation is a common feature of aging, particularly in obese elderly individuals, and is associated with numerous chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL 10 and IL 1ra, play a crucial ...
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Objective: Chronic low-grade inflammation is a common feature of aging, particularly in obese elderly individuals, and is associated with numerous chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL 10 and IL 1ra, play a crucial role in modulating immune responses and mitigating inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate Effect of regular aerobic exercise on anti-inflammatory cytokines and chronic inflammation in elderly obese men.Methods: This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with 24 obese elderly men (aged 60-75 years). Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n=12), who engaged in aerobic exercise (60 minutes, 3 times a week for 8 weeks), or the control group (n=12), who maintained their usual lifestyle without any structured exercise. Pre- and post-intervention blood samples were analyzed to measure IL 10 and IL 1ra levels. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including paired t-tests and independent t-tests, were used to assess changes in cytokine levels.Results: Significant increases were found in IL 10 (p=0.01) and IL 1ra (p=0.02) in the experimental group after the 8-week intervention. No significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that regular aerobic exercise significantly improves immune function by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL 10 and IL 1ra. This intervention may offer a valuable approach for managing inflammation-related diseases in obese elderly populations.
Exercise Physiology
Naser Rostamzadeh; Saiwan Sirwan Mohamed
Abstract
Purpose: Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are critical for somatic development, linear bone growth, and metabolic homeostasis in children. Physical activity, especially endurance training, plays a significant role in modulating these hormones. Therefore, the aim of this study ...
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Purpose: Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are critical for somatic development, linear bone growth, and metabolic homeostasis in children. Physical activity, especially endurance training, plays a significant role in modulating these hormones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week endurance swimming training program on GH and IGF-1 levels in prepubertal children. Method: The study involved 30 healthy children aged 9–11 years, randomly assigned to either a swimming group (15 children) or a control group (15 children). The swimming group participated in a structured 8-week training program, three times per week, with each session lasting 60 minutes. GH and IGF-1 levels were measured before and 48 hours after the intervention using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis included two-way repeated-measures ANOVA to compare the effects of the training on hormone levels between the groups, with p-values set at 0.05. Results: The results revealed a significant increase in GH for the swimming group (from 17.4±0.9 to 22.9±1.1 ng/mL, p<0.001) compared to the control group (from 17.5±1.0 to 17.7±1.1 ng/mL, p=0.384). For IGF-1, the swimming group also showed a significant rise (from 212.3 ± 24.5 to 232.8±26.1 ng/mL, p=0.018), while the control group showed no significant change (p=0.413). Conclusion: The findings suggest that moderate-intensity endurance swimming can effectively stimulate the GH and IGF-1 axis in prepubertal children, independent of major anthropometric changes. These results support the inclusion of swimming as a safe and effective form of exercise to promote growth-related hormonal health in children.
Exercise Physiology
Dara Latif Saifalddin; Hiwa Ahmed Rahim
Abstract
Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become an increasingly popular exercise regimen due to its efficiency in improving cardiovascular health and metabolic function. Fibrinogen, D-dimer, and platelet count are key markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis, and their levels can indicate ...
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Purpose: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become an increasingly popular exercise regimen due to its efficiency in improving cardiovascular health and metabolic function. Fibrinogen, D-dimer, and platelet count are key markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis, and their levels can indicate cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on fibrinogen, D-dimer, and platelet count in sedentary men, with the hypothesis that HIIT would reduce thrombotic risk factors. Method: A total of 24 healthy, sedentary Iranian men (aged 30-40 years) were randomly assigned to either a HIIT (n=12) or a control group (n=12). The HIIT group performed 10 weeks of HIIT, with 3 sessions per week, each consisting of 30 minutes alternating between 30 seconds of high-intensity exercise and 90 seconds of recovery. Blood samples were taken before and after the intervention to assess fibrinogen, D-dimer, and platelet count. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and independent t-tests, with p-values <0.05 considered significant. Results: The HIIT group showed significant reductions in fibrinogen (p=0.025), D-dimer (p=0.032), and platelet count (p=0.041). Specifically, fibrinogen decreased from 292.5±38.4 mg/dL to 270.4±34.1 mg/dL, D-dimer from 0.72±0.10 µg/mL to 0.55±0.09 µg/mL, and platelet count from 238±31 × 10³/µL to 221±29 × 10³/µL. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes in these markers (p>0.05). The HIIT group also showed significantly better results compared to the control group (fibrinogen p=0.025, D-dimer p=0.032, platelet count p=0.04). Conclusion: HIIT significantly reduced thrombotic risk markers in sedentary men, suggesting its potential to improve cardiovascular health by modulating coagulation and fibrinolysis. The observed effects highlight HIIT as an effective strategy for reducing cardiovascular risk factors, particularly in inactive populations. Further research with larger samples and diverse populations is needed to confirm these findings and explore long-term impacts.
Exercise Physiology
ahmad fasihi; nastaran zarezadeh
Abstract
AbstractBackground and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important metabolic disorders that different societies are facing with increasing prevalence. Aerobic exercises are a common type of exercise that reduces the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins and regulates blood pressure. ...
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AbstractBackground and purpose: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important metabolic disorders that different societies are facing with increasing prevalence. Aerobic exercises are a common type of exercise that reduces the levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins and regulates blood pressure. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile in men with type 2 diabetes.Results: The results indicated that after 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, HbA1c (P=0/027), LDL-c (P=0/012) and fasting blood glucose (P=0/043) decreased significantly in the aerobic group. But no significant changes were observed in HDL-c and BMI. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that performing aerobic exercises leads to a decrease in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose and improvement in lipid profile, so it can probably be a useful way of treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetic patients.
Exercise Physiology
marefat siahkouhian; Bahman Ebrahimi
Abstract
AbstractBackgroude and Purpose: Training volume and intensity are the most important training components that typically vary in different training programs depending on the primary goal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between volume and intensity of running to fatigue ...
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AbstractBackgroude and Purpose: Training volume and intensity are the most important training components that typically vary in different training programs depending on the primary goal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between volume and intensity of running to fatigue in middle-aged men.Methodology: A number of 24 middle-aged of active men were selected as subjects with an age range of 40 to 55 years. Then, they ran individually in four separate sessions with an intensity of 70, 80, 90 and 100% of Maximum oxygen consumption with a minimum interval of 72 hours. Using non-linear regression, the relationship between exercise volume and intensity was analyzed.Findings: The findings showed that the inverse relationship between volume and intensity of treadmill running to exhaustion in active middle-aged men followed a nonlinear quadratic function.In this relationship, exercise intensity (independent variable) and exercise volume (dependent variable) were.The findings showed that the inverse relationship between volume and intensity of treadmill running to exhaustion in active middle-aged men followed a nonlinear quadratic function.In this relationship, exercise intensity (independent variable) and exercise volume (dependent variable) were.
Exercise Physiology
narges fasihi; Naser Behpour
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidants in young futsal players. Methods: 24 young male futsal players were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). The ...
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saffron extract on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidants in young futsal players. Methods: 24 young male futsal players were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (12 people in each group). The experimental group used 1500 mg of saffron supplement per day for seven days, while the control group received placebo Results: The results of the hockey study showed that immediately after the match in the experimental group, a significant increase in GPX levels (P=0.031) and a significant decrease in CAT levels (P=0.041) were observed, but this significance was not observed 30 minutes after the match. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that short-term consumption of saffron improves antioxidant defense in young male futsal players. Studies with long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.According to the results of this study, it can be said that short-term consumption of saffron improves antioxidant defense in young male futsal players. Studies with long-term follow-up should be considered to confirm these findings.
Exercise Physiology
Meisam Ghajari; Reyhaneh vahabidelshad
Abstract
Background and aim: Honey, a natural source of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds, possesses potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its efficacy in team-sport athletes remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of honey supplementation ...
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Background and aim: Honey, a natural source of carbohydrates and bioactive compounds, possesses potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its efficacy in team-sport athletes remains underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of honey supplementation on plasma CK and IL-6 concentrations following high-intensity incremental exercise in young male handball players. Methods: In a double-blind, semi-experimental design, 30 amateur young male handball players were randomly assigned to three groups (n=10 each): Honey Supplementation + High-Intensity Incremental Exercise (SUP+HIT), Placebo + High-Intensity Incremental Exercise (PL+HIT), and Honey Supplementation (SUP). Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately after the exercise (HIT 1), and one hour post-exercise (HIT 2) to analyze CK and IL-6 levels. Results: At baseline, no significant differences existed between groups. The high-intensity incremental exercise provoked significant increases in both CK and IL-6 in the exercise groups. However, this response was significantly attenuated in the SUP+HIT group compared to the PL+HIT group. One hour post-exercise, the PL+HIT group showed increases of 62% in CK and 47% in IL-6, whereas the SUP+HIT group showed significantly lower increases of 32% and 27%, respectively (p < 0.001 between groups). The SUP group exhibited no significant increase in either biomarker. Conclusion: Honey supplementation effectively attenuates the acute rise in plasma CK and IL-6 following high-intensity exercise in handball players. These findings suggest that honey is a valuable nutritional intervention for reducing biochemical markers of muscle damage and inflammation, thereby potentially enhancing recovery in team-sport athletes.
Exercise Physiology
Fatemeh sadat Hosseini; Mohammad Ehsani
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between health-promoting management practices in youth sports clubs and (1) athletes’ health-related behaviors and (2) selected physiological health indicators.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 18 youth sports clubs (ages 12–18 ...
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between health-promoting management practices in youth sports clubs and (1) athletes’ health-related behaviors and (2) selected physiological health indicators.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 18 youth sports clubs (ages 12–18 years) were selected from Tehran. Club-level data on health-promoting management practices were collected using a validated questionnaire that assessed areas such as written health policies, coach education in health promotion, support for healthy nutrition, injury prevention routines, and promotion of regular physical activity beyond formal training. Results: Clubs with higher health promotion management scores demonstrated significantly better athletic outcomes. Athletes in high-scoring clubs reported more days per week meeting physical activity guidelines and consuming less sugar-sweetened beverages, along with a lower prevalence of risk behaviors (e.g., smoking). Physiologically, these athletes demonstrated more favorable profiles compared to athletes from low-scoring clubs, including lower mean BMI and waist circumference, lower resting systolic blood pressure, and higher estimated cardiorespiratory fitness.Conclusion: Health promotion management practices in youth sports clubs appear to be positively associated with healthier lifestyles and more favorable physiological profiles among young athletes. Strengthening organizational and managerial approaches to health in youth sports settings could be a practical strategy to enhance performance-related and long-term health outcomes.
Exercise Physiology
Leila Fasihi; Zahra Soukhteh
Abstract
Hypoxia is a powerful environmental stimulus that elicits multi-system adaptations in athletes, yet the relative contributions of hematological, muscular, and stress-related mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on hypoxia-induced adaptations ...
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Hypoxia is a powerful environmental stimulus that elicits multi-system adaptations in athletes, yet the relative contributions of hematological, muscular, and stress-related mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on hypoxia-induced adaptations across athletic populations, with a particular focus on hematological changes, skeletal muscle physiology, and oxidative and neuroendocrine stress pathways.Eligible studies examined hematological variables, muscle adaptations, oxidative stress and redox signaling, autonomic and hormonal responses, and/or performance outcomes.Findings indicate that sustained hypoxic exposure can increase erythropoietin production and, when sufficient hypoxic dose and iron availability are present, elevate total hemoglobin mass and red blood cell volume. However, inter-individual variability and iron metabolism tightly modulate these responses. At the muscular level, hypoxia promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, improved buffering capacity, and enhanced peripheral oxygen extraction, often contributing to performance gains even in so-called “non-responders” with minimal hematological change. Concurrently, hypoxia activates stress pathways—including reactive oxygen species signaling, HIF-1α–mediated transcription, sympathetic activation, and transient inflammation—which act as both challenges and drivers of adaptation, depending on dose and recovery.In conclusion, hypoxic training exerts its ergogenic effects through an integrated network of hematological, muscular, and stress-related mechanisms. Optimizing altitude and hypoxic interventions requires individualized programming that considers hypoxic dose, iron status, training load, and recovery to harness adaptive stress while avoiding maladaptation.
Exercise Physiology
lotfali bolboli; Hossein Rezaei Torkamani
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the influence of a low-volume interval exercise program on non-alcoholic fatty liver indicators in sedentary adults with T2DM.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 72 sedentary patients with T2DM (age 40–65 years) were allocated into an intervention ...
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Background: This study aimed to examine the influence of a low-volume interval exercise program on non-alcoholic fatty liver indicators in sedentary adults with T2DM.Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 72 sedentary patients with T2DM (age 40–65 years) were allocated into an intervention group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 36). The intervention group completed a four-week low-volume interval exercise program, consisting of three weekly sessions incorporating short high-intensity intervals interspersed with low-intensity recovery. Anthropometrics, fasting glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT), and NAFLD indicators—particularly the Fatty Liver Index (FLI)—were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. The control group received no structured exercise. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, and a significance level of p < 0.05.Results: Following the intervention, the exercise group demonstrated significant reductions in FLI values (p < 0.001), ALT (p = 0.01), GGT (p = 0.02), triglycerides (p < 0.001), and body mass index (p < 0.001). Fasting blood glucose also decreased significantly (p < 0.01). No comparable improvements were observed in the control group. Between-group comparisons confirmed that the intervention group achieved superior improvements across all liver-related biomarkers (p < 0.05).Conclusion: A short-term, low-volume interval exercise program effectively improves hepatic indicators in sedentary adults with T2DM. These findings support the integration of time-efficient interval exercise into clinical management strategies as a non-pharmacological approach to mitigating NAFLD progression in diabetic populations.
Exercise Physiology
hamid agha alinejad; shahab rozbahani
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of WISP1, TNF-α, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese women with T2D. Methods:In this semi-experimental study, 24 obese women with T2D were randomly assigned to either ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of WISP1, TNF-α, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in obese women with T2D. Methods:In this semi-experimental study, 24 obese women with T2D were randomly assigned to either the experimental (exercise) group or the control group. The experimental group performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week at 70% of their maximum heart rate. The control group did not participate in any structured physical activity. Pre-test and post-test measurements of anthropometric variables, serum WISP1, TNF-α, and HOMA-IR were taken. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests for within-group comparisons and independent t-tests for between-group comparisons. Results:The results showed significant reductions in body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage in the experimental group (p < 0.001 for body weight and BMI; p = 0.012 for body fat percentage). Serum WISP1 levels significantly decreased from 100.36 ± 15.45 ng/mL to 90.20 ± 13.50 ng/mL (p = 0.002), and TNF-α levels decreased from 13.12 ± 3.60 pg/mL to 10.34 ± 3.15 pg/mL (p = 0.002). HOMA-IR also improved significantly from 4.71 ± 1.35 to 3.56 ± 1.00 (p = 0.004). Conclusion: In conclusion, aerobic exercise significantly improved body composition, reduced inflammatory markers, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in obese women with T2D. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise can be an effective strategy for managing obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Exercise Physiology
Milad piralahi
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by inflammatory demyelination, neurodegeneration, and a high burden of fatigue, mobility limitation, and cognitive complaints. This narrative review summarizes evidence on acute and chronic BDNF responses to resistance exercise in people with MS and discusses ...
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by inflammatory demyelination, neurodegeneration, and a high burden of fatigue, mobility limitation, and cognitive complaints. This narrative review summarizes evidence on acute and chronic BDNF responses to resistance exercise in people with MS and discusses how these responses may relate to symptom burden and functional outcomes.A targeted literature synthesis was conducted by reviewing peer-reviewed studies that assessed circulating BDNF responses to single sessions and/or resistance training programs in MS, alongside related evidence from neuroplasticity-informed outcomes (e.g., fatigue, disability, strength, mobility, and cognition). We also considered methodological features that influence BDNF interpretation, including assay selection, sampling timing, platelet contribution, training intensity/volume, and medication status.Available evidence suggests that a single bout of resistance exercise can transiently elevate circulating BDNF, although findings vary by protocol intensity, baseline fitness, and sampling window. Across weeks of progressive resistance training, several studies report improvements in strength and functional capacity, with mixed but promising indications of sustained BDNF modulation. Importantly, BDNF changes—when observed—tend to align with reductions in fatigue and improvements in mobility and patient-reported outcomes, supporting a plausible link between resistance training, neurotrophic signaling, and symptom burden.Overall, resistance exercise appears capable of eliciting both acute and training-induced BDNF responses in MS, but heterogeneity in study design and biomarker methodology limits firm conclusions. Future trials should standardize BDNF measurement, include neuroplasticity-relevant endpoints, and test dose–response relationships to clarify clinical significance.
Exercise Physiology
kamal ranjbar
Abstract
Objective: Childhood obesity is associated with metabolic disturbances, particularly insulin resistance and altered secretion of metabolic peptides. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week soccer training program on serum spexin levels and the McAuley index in inactive obese boys. Methods: ...
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Objective: Childhood obesity is associated with metabolic disturbances, particularly insulin resistance and altered secretion of metabolic peptides. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week soccer training program on serum spexin levels and the McAuley index in inactive obese boys. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, Twenty-eight inactive obese boys aged 12–14 years were randomly assigned to a soccer training group (n=14) or a control group (n=14). The training group participated in supervised soccer sessions three times per week for 12 weeks, whereas the control group maintained their usual lifestyle. Anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention to assess serum spexin, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels. The McAuley index was calculated using fasting insulin and triglyceride values. Paired- and independent-sample t-tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Serum spexin levels increased significantly in the training group (p=0.001), while no significant change was observed in the control group (p=0.621). The McAuley index showed a significant improvement in the training group (p=0.003). Additionally, fasting insulin (p=0.002) and triglyceride levels (p=0.004) decreased significantly following the intervention. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in post-test spexin (p=0.002) and McAuley index values (p=0.004). Conclusion: Twelve weeks of soccer training significantly improved serum spexin levels and insulin sensitivity in inactive obese boys, suggesting soccer training as an effective strategy for improving metabolic health in this population.
